Analysis of climate change adaptation laws in developing countries

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Prof. at Research Group of Environmental Engineering and Pollution Monitoring, Research Center for Environment and Sustainable Development, RCESD, Department of Environment, Tehran, Iran.

2 Researcher, MSc of Financial Mathematics, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Climate change has a wide range and affects various sectors such as agriculture, water, environment, etc. Climate change regulation is one of the international efforts to deal with this phenomenon. In this research, climate change adaptation laws in developing countries have been analyzed on two qualitative and quantitative levels. First, the laws are classified based on socio-ecological systems in the form of resource, actors, and governance systems. Then, based on these systems and their subsystems, the time and spatial trends of the laws are analyzed. Time analysis shows that climate change adaptation laws have been passed in developing countries from 1964 to 2021.
The spatial analysis also indicates that Asia has the most laws in this field. In addition, the number of laws mentioned in the resource system is more than the other two systems, and this system has been considered in laws earlier than the others. In the next step, it is shown that water, transportation, and wide-economy subsystems have been mentioned more than other subsystems in each of the systems, and water and Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) subsystems, in the resource system, transportation and building in the actor system and social development in the governance system have been considered in the laws before the other subsystems. Finally, it was found that the passage of time and the increase in awareness about climate change have led to the expansion and comprehensiveness of the intended goals in the adaptation laws, and the climate change laws reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1.  

    1. Abbass, K., Qasim, M.Z., Song, H., Murshed, M., Mahmood, H., and Younis, I. (2022). A review of the global climate change impacts, adaptation, and sustainable mitigation measures. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(28), 42539-42559.
    2. Amendment to General Education Law (Legislative Decree No.714) 2011 (SLV)
    3. Amendment to the Law of Superior Education (Decree No.715) 2011 (SLV)
    4. Auffhammer, M. 2019. The (Economic) Impacts of Climate Change: Some Implications for Asian Economies. ADBI Working Paper 1051. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Available: https://www.adb.org/publications/economic-impacts-climate-change-implicationsasian-economies
    5. Climate Change (Management) Act 2015 (No. 19 of 2015) 2015 (PNG)
    6. Climate Change Laws of the World. (2022). Global Database of Climate Change Laws, Policies, and Targets. Retrieved from Climate Change Laws of the World: https://climate-laws.org.
    7. Coast Conservation Act 57/1981 as amended by Act 49/2011 1981 (LKA)
    8. Constitution of Zambia 2016 (ZMB).
    9. Decree Law no 337 on the terrestrial waters 2017 (CUB)
    10. Decree no. 297-2013 (Law on Climate Change) 2014 (HND)
    11. Decree-Law No. 01/2013 establishing the structure of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Environment 2013 (TLS)
    12. Decree-Law No. 26/2012 establishing the Environmental Basic Law 2012 (TLS)
    13. Del Mar Delgado-Serrano, M., & Ramos, P. (2015). Making Ostrom’s Framework Applicable to Characterize Social Ecological Systems at the Local Level. International Journal of the Commons 9.
    14. Environmental Levy Act (Budget Amendment)No. 36/2017 2017 (FJI)
    15. Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives, 2008
    16. Erbach, G. (2021). European climate law. European Parliament.
    17. Family farming law (legislative decree 814/2021) 2021 (SLV)
    18. Framework law to regulate reduction of vulnerability, mandatory adaptation to the effects of climate change, and the mitigation of greenhouse gas effects (Decree of the Congress 7-2013) 2013 (GTM)
    19. Global Change Impact Studies Centre Act, 2013 2018 (PAK)
    20. Harrold, M., Agrawala, S., Steele, P., Sharma, A., Hirsch, D., Liptow, H., ... & Mathur, A. (2002). Poverty and climate change: Reducing the vulnerability of the poor through adaptation.
    21. Kaddo, Jameel R., "Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Solutions" (2016). A with Honors Projects. 164. http://spark.parkland.edu/ah/164.
    22. Koehl, A., and Higham, C. (2022). What is climate change legislation. Retrieved from Ise.ac.uk: Law 12.144/2009, and Decree 7.343/2010 establishing the National Fund on Climate Change (NFCC)
    23. Law 1523, adopting the National Policy of Risk Management and the National System of Risk Management 2012 (COL)
    24. Law 1523, adopting the National Policy of Risk Management and the National System of Risk Management 2012 (COL)
    25. Law 1955 issuing the National Development Plan 2018-2022 'Pact for Colombia, Pact for Equity' 2019 (COL)Law 1964/2019 promoting the use of electric vehicles
    26. Law 217 on the Environment and Natural Resources, as amended by Law 647 2008 (NIC)
    27. Law 31/2009 on Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics 2009 (IDN)
    28. Law 32/2009 Environmental Protection and Management 2009 (IDN)
    29. Law n ° 2015-031 on the National Policy of Risk Management and Catastrophes 2015 (MDG)
    30. Law no 002/2014 on sustainable development 2014 (GAB)
    31. Law no 1931. establishing guidelines for the management of climate change 2018 (COL)
    32. Law no 63/2013 determining the mission, organization and functioning of Rwanda Environment Management Authority 2013 (RWA)
    33. Law no. 006-2013 (on the Code for the Environment) (BFA)
    34. Law No. 2013-002 (flood protection). (MDG)
    35. Law No. 3/2012 on the legal authorisation for Environmental Basic Law 2012 (TLS)
    36. Law No. 9/2012, The Environmental Conservation Law 2012 (MMR)
    37. Law of Socio-Natural and Technological Risks 2009 (VEN).
    38. Law on Environmental Protection No: 55/2014/QH13 2014 (VNM)
    39. Law on Soil Protection and Prevention of Desertification 2012 (MNG)
    40. Legislative Decree 656/2020, decree 362/2019 and agreement 617/2019 2020 (SLV)
    41. Ludwig, F., van Scheltinga, C. T., Verhagen, J., Kruijt, B., van Ierland, E., Dellink, R., ... & de Bruin, K. (2007). Climate change impacts on developing countries-EU accountability.
    42. Ministerial Resolution no. 014.99 (creating the Climate Change Commission). 1991.
    43. (2023). NASA Says 2022 Fifth Warmest Year on Record, Warming Trend Continues. Retrieved from NASA: https://climate.nasa.gov/news/3246/nasa-says-2022-fifth-warmest-year-on-record-warming-trend-continues/
    44. National Adaptation Strategy for the Agricultural Sector 2014-2020 2014 (DOM)
    45. National Law on Climate Change no. 5875 2017 (PRY)
    46. Ordinance No. 2016-007 P-RM of 25 February 2016 establishing the Project to Strengthen Resilience to Food Insecurity in Mali 2016 (MLI)
    47. Ostrom, E. (2009). A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science.
    48. Pakistan Climate Change Act, 2017
    49. Public Health Act (No. 1 of 2010) Renewable Energy Law (No. 2010-21) 2010 (SEN)
    50. Renewable Energy Law 2007 (MNG)
    51. Resolution A.N. no. 003-2009 (on climate change and adaptability) 2009 (NIC)
    52. Rumble, O., & Gilder, A. (2022). Climate Change Regulation 2022. Chamber Global Practice Guides.
    53. Signé, L., & Mbaye, A. A. (2022). Renewing global climate change action for fragile and developing countries. Global Economy & Development.
    54. Smit, B., & Pilifosova, O. (2003). Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity. Sustainable Development, 8(9), 9.

     

    1. Statham, B., Frei, C., Bartlett, N., Gilfillan, S., Reiner, D., & Whittington, E. (2014). Climate Change: Implications for the Energy Sector. European Climate Foundation (ECF), the World Energy Council (WEC) and the University of Cambridge’s Judge Business School (CJBS) and Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL).
    2. Suresh, K., Wilson, C., Managi, S., & Khana, U. (2022). Climate Change Impacts on Developing Countries – Evidence from Sri Lanka. Retrieved from LSE: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2022/02/25/climate-change-impacts-on-developing-countries-evidence-from-sri-lanka/
    3. Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute Act (No. 10 of 2016)
    4. Thapa, P. (2022). The Relationship between Land Use and Climate Change: A Case Study of Nepal. The Nature, Causes, Effects and Mitigation of Climate Change on the Environment. 
    5. The Climate Change Act (RA 9729), and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR, Administrative Order No. 2010-01)
    6. The National Protected Area Authority and Conservation Trust Fund Act, 2012
    7. (2021). Retrieved from United Nations Development Programme: http://hdr.undp.org
    8. United Nations. (2022). What Is Climate Change? Retrieved from United Nations: https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change
    9. Water Resources Board Act No. 29. 1964
    10. Water, U. N. (2019). Climate change and water: UN-water policy brief. Geneva: UN Water.

     

     

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics