Climate Change Research

Climate Change Research

An analysis of governance policies to adapt to climate change

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
seyed keramat hashemi ana 1
mojtaba shariati 2
1 Assistant Professor of Geography, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Political Science, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
10.30488/ccr.2024.453027.1208
Abstract
Climate change is one of the major challenges of this century. To eliminate these challenges on an international scale, serious and effective changes should be made in the current governance approach related to climate change. The aim of the current research is to investigate the state of threats and environmental challenges caused by the governance of climate change in transnational and international scales. The research method in this study is based on qualitative analysis with reference to influential quantities in the international field and based on several basic steps. At first, a general analysis of the provisions of climate change conventions was done to establish a strong link between international and domestic law. In the next step, an approach to overcome the previous challenges was presented and finally, the role of international laws and dispute resolution mechanisms in the governance of climate change was examined. Using SPSS software and PCA method and scree diagram drawing, for identified 4 important and effective factors in climate governance. The findings of this research showed that the absence or weakness of proper and single mechanisms that can resolve the differences between the member countries in the field of governance has the highest percentage (34%) in explaining the variance of the factors. National laws and regulations also have the lowest variance explanation percentage (16%) among the factors.
Keywords
Governance
Climate change
Adaption
International law
Iran

Subjects

  1. . Abel, G.J., Brottrager, M., Cuaresma J.C., Muttarak, R. (2019). Climate, conflict and forced migration. Global Environmental Change. 54:239–49.

    1. Ahmadnejad, Masoud and Afshan, Ashkan (2017), The role of the Security Council in dealing with climate change as a threat to international peace and security, International Society and Environment Conference, Tehran, Iran (in Persian).
    2. Alikhani, H. (2020). International peace and security and climate change. Judicial Law Research, 1(1), 289-310. (in Persian).
    3. Allan, B. (2017). Producing the Climate: States, Scientists, and the Constitution of Global Governance Objects. International Organization 71 (1): p. 131–162. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818316000321.
    4. Arnall, A. (2023). Climate change and security research: Conflict, securitization and human agency. PLOS Climate, 2 (3), 72. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000072.
    5. Bordera, Juan; Prieto, Fernando (2021). "El IPCC considera que el decrecimiento es clave para mitigar el cambio climático". Archivedfrom the original.
    6. Boyd, E., Brian C., and Chaffin, K. (2021). Loss and Damage from Climate Change: A New Climate Justice Agenda. One Earth 4 (10):p. 1365–1370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.09.015.
    7. Burnett, M., and Mach, K.J. (2021). A “precariously unprepared” Pentagon? Climate security beliefs and decision-making in the US military. Global environmental change, 70, 102345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102345.
    8. Calliari, E., and Lisa V. 2022. The “National Turn” in Climate Change Loss and Damage Governance Research: Constructing the L&D Policy Landscape in Tuvalu. -. Calliess G-P and Renner M, (2022). ‘The Public and the Private Dimensions of Transnational Commercial Law’ .German Law Journal, 2(11) 1341, 1355.
    9. Czulda, Robert (2022), Iran’s Water Security: An Emerging Challenge. Middle East Policy. 2022; Pp.1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12626.
    10. Daoust G, Selby J. (2022). Understanding the politics of climate security policy discourse: the case of the Lake Chad Basin. Geopolitics;:2–38.
    11. Dellmuth, L.M., Gustafsson, M., Bremberg, N., and Mobjo¨rk, M. (2020). Intergovernmental organizations and climate security: advancing the research agenda. WIREs Climate Change.; 9: p.1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.496
    12. EPA. (2017). Climate Change Impacts by Sector. Retrieved from epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-change-in- pacts-sector.
    13. Ershi Qi, Jiang Shen, Runliang Dou. (2013). Proceedings of 20th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management: Theory and Apply of Industrial Management. Springer Science & Business Media.
    14. Harvey, Fiona; Tremlett, Giles (2021). Greenhouse gas emissions must peak within 4 years, says leaked UN report. The Guardian. Archivedfrom the original.p.14.
    15. Hashemi Ana, Seyed Karamet (2021). Evaluation of the effect of climate change on the planning of optimal allocation of water resources in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces, Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, 12(35), 157-172. (in Persian).
    16. Hosseini, Asad, Ramezani Bunesh, Farzad (2017), The Undeniable Necessity of Climate Change Adaptation and Adjustment in Iran, International Center for Peace Studies, IPSC. (in Persian).
    17. Ismaili, Mustafa and Hashemi Hamidreza (2022). The impact of climatic, environmental and weather changes on national security: a case study of the Islamic Republic of Iran. International Relations Research, 13(1), 311-339. (in Persian).
    18. Maqbeli Domain, Moseyb, Sanainejad. (2019). An overview of climate change based on the conferences related to the United Nations Climate Change Convention and Iran's role in it, climate change and hazards 1 (2), 1-20. (in Persian).
    19. Martin, J. (2018). The Multi-level System of Global Climate Governance –the Model and its Current State. Environmental Policy and Governance, Env. Pol. Gov. 27, 108–121.https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1747.
    20. Mousavi, Fazlullah, Mir Mohammadi, Masoumeh (2012), climate change, a threat to international peace and security, International Legal Journal, No. 49, pp. 167. (in Persian).
    21. Muir Watt H, (2016). ‘Conflicts of Laws Unbounded: The Case for a Legal-Pluralist Revival’ Transnational Legal Theory, 7(3),p. 1- 41. DOI:10.1080/20414005.2016.1212585.
    22. Muir Watt H, (2018). Conflicts of Laws Unbounded: The Case for a Legal-Pluralist Revival’Transnational Legal Theory 313, 329.
    23. NASA Website. The consequences of climate change, (2019). Available online at: ttp://climate.nasa.gov/effects.

    25.Rumi, Farshad. (2021). Climate change and its consequences on Iran's national security. Political and International Approaches, 14(1), 203-228. (in Persian).

    26.Schaar, Johan (2019), A Confluence of Crises: On Water, Climate and Security in the Middle East and North Africa, Sipri Insights on Peace and Security, No.4. Pp.1-20.

    27.Shafizadeh Bormi, Samaneh, and Rangekesh, Mohammad Javad. (2021). Examining the response of the United Nations to the phenomenon of climate change (critical approach). Political Geography Research, 6(4), 21-41. (in Persian).

    28.Statista. (2022). Distribution of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Worldwide in 2021, by Selected Country. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statis- tics/271748/the-largest-emitters-of co2-in-the- world/.p.44.

    29.UNDP. (2021). Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org. United Nations.  What Is Climate Change? Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/climat- echange/what-is-climate-change.

    30.UNFCCC (2022). Nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement, Synthesis report by the secretariat, https://unfccc.int/ documents/306848 (last access: 11 March 2022), 2021b.

    31.Wai R. (2022). ‘Transnational Liftoff and Juridical Touchdown: The Regulatory Function of Private International Law in an Era of Globalization.’ 40 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 209.4(6). p25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102345.

    32.Wai, R., ‘Private v Private (2014). Transnational Private Law and Contestation in Global Economic Governance’ in Horatia Muir Watt and Diego Fernandez Arroyo (eds), 33. Private International Law and Global Governance (Oxford University Press 2014). https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198727620.003.0003

    34.Wai R. (2020) ‘Transnational Liftoff and Juridical Touchdown: The Regulatory Function of Private International Law in an Era of Globalization’ Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 40(2),p. 209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102345.

    35.Warren, D. (2015). Climate change and international peace and security: Possible Roles for the U.N.Security Council in Addressing Climate Change. Sabin Center for Climate Change Law| Columbia Law School. ISBN: 978 1 78536 463 1.

    36.Zumbansen P., ‘Lochner Disembedded (2018). The Anxieties of Law in a Global Context’ Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. 12(4). p 29.